Prevalencia de síndrome de Burnout en internos de pediatría de la Universidad Católica del Maule / Burnout Syndrome Prevalence in pediatric interns of the Catholic University of Maule

Burnout syndrome is a public health problem, a pathological entity that affects professionals who work directly with people, such as health professionals. It is currently described as being composed of three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal fulfillment, and its evaluation is carried out through the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire. The present study aims to measure, by means of the aforementioned instrument, the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in pediatric interns of the Universidad Católica del Maule and find out which is the most frequent characteristic that the pathology presents, in relation to the 3 subgroups. It corresponds to a descriptive and cross-sectional study, in which the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire was applied to a sample of 18 pediatric inmates of the Regional Hospital of Talca, together with an informed consent to each participant. The results showed that the burnout syndrome is present in 11,11% of pediatric interns, in addition it was observed that a high percentage manifests alterations in the studied subdimensions, which makes us conclude that attention should be given urgently to this problem, in order to guarantee mental health support to those who need it.

Escala de Calidez en Enfermería (ECAE): construcción y validación empírica / Escala de Calor Humano em Enfermagem (ECHE): construção e validação empírica / Nursing Warmth Scale (NWS): Development and empirical validation

Objetive: To construct and validate the Nursing Warmth Scale (NWS) through the development of a standardized measurement of nurses' warmth, perceived from the perspective of patients, and identify the behaviors and factors associated with this feeling of warmth. Materials and methods: The NWS was developed following the scale construction methodology under a triphasic model. The construction of items was elaborated based on the results of a previously published integrative review that consolidated the construct and the related variables. A qualitative phase was also incorporated to evaluate the latent variable. Content validity was assessed with 10 expert judges. An item try-out was conducted with 476 patients in health institutions. Exploratory factor analysis ­through the common factor method and oblique rotation­ was used for the item reduction process. Results: The construct "Nursing Warmth" was established after the theoretical and empirical phases of the study. The literature review and interviews with 23 patients and 25 nursing professionals provided a set of behaviors divided into 2 categories: verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Exploratory factor analysis allowed identifying 5 factors and 35 items. The reliability was estimated through Cronbach's alpha. The identified factors are: F1-Nonverbal connection-relationship with the other (0.943), F2-Empathy (0.909), F3-Verbal connection-relationship with the other (0.914), F4-Inclusion (0.858), and F5-Confidence (0.852). The Tucker-Lewis Index was 0.901. Conclusions: The NWS demonstrates evidence of reliability and validity. This tool may be useful in clinical settings and for teaching and research addressing interpersonal nursing skills.

Objetivo: construir y validar la Escala de Calidez de Enfermería (ECAE) mediante el desarrollo de una medida estandarizada de la calidez de la enfermería desde la perspectiva de los pacientes, además de identificar los comportamientos y factores asociados con la calidez. Materiales y métodos: la ECAE fue desarrollada según la metodología de construcción de escalas y empleando un modelo trifásico. La construcción de ítems se elaboró con los resultados de una revisión integrativa previamente publicada, que consolidó el constructo y las variables relacionadas. Se incorporó además una fase cualitativa con el fin de evaluar la variable latente. La validez de contenido fue testeada con 10 jueces expertos. Se realizó la validación de los ítems con 476 pacientes de instituciones de salud. Para el proceso de reducción de ítems se utilizó el análisis factorial exploratorio, mediante el método de factores comunes y rotación oblicua. Resultados: luego de las fases teórica y empírica del estudio, se estableció el constructo "Calidez en Enfermería". La revisión de la literatura y las entrevistas a 23 pacientes y 25 profesionales en enfermería proporcionaron un conjunto de comportamientos divididos en dos categorías: conductas verbales y conductas no verbales. El análisis factorial exploratorio identificó 5 factores y 35 ítems. La confiabilidad se estimó con Alfa de Cronbach. Los factores identificados son: F1-Conexión no verbal (0,943), F2-Empatía (0,909), F3-Conexión verbal (0,914), F4-Inclusión (0,858) y F5-Confianza (0,852). El índice de Tucker-Lewis fue de 0,901. Conclusiones: la ECAE demuestra evidencias de confiabilidad y validez. Esta herramienta puede ser útil en el ámbito clínico y en la enseñanza e investigación de habilidades interpersonales en Enfermería.

Objetivo: construir e validar a Escala de Calor Humano em Enfermagem (ECHE) mediante o desenvolvimento de uma medida padronizada do calor humano da enfermagem sob a perspectiva dos pacientes, além de identificar os comportamentos e fatores associados com o calor humano. Materiais e métodos: a ECHE foi desenvolvida de acordo com a metodologia de construção de escalas e utilizando um modelo trifásico. A construção dos itens foi elaborada com os resultados de uma revisão integrativa publicada previamente, que consolidou o construto e as variáveis relacionados. Uma fase qualitativa também foi incorporada para avaliar a variável latente. A validade do conteúdo foi testada com 10 juízes especialistas. Os itens foram validados com 476 pacientes de instituições de saúde. Para o processo de redução de itens, foi utilizada a análise fatorial exploratória por meio do método fatorial comum e da rotação oblíqua. Resultados: após as fases teórica e empírica do estudo, foi estabelecido o construto "calor humano em enfermagem". A revisão da literatura e as entrevistas com 23 pacientes e 25 profissionais de enfermagem forneceram um conjunto de comportamentos divididos em duas categorias: comportamentos verbais e não verbais. A análise fatorial exploratória identificou cinco fatores e 35 itens. A confiabilidade foi estimada com o alfa de Cronbach. Os fatores identificados são F1-Conexão não verbal (0,943), F2-Empatia (0,909), F3-Conexão verbal (0,914), F4-Inclusão (0,858) e F5-Confiança (0,852). O índice de Tucker-Lewis foi de 0,901. Conclusões: a ECHE demonstra evidência de confiabilidade e validade. Essa ferramenta pode ser útil no cenário clínico e no ensino e pesquisa de habilidades interpessoais em Enfermagem.

El significado de la menopausia para un grupo de mujeres chilenas atendidas en el sistema público de salud / The significance of menopause for Chilean women attending primary health care centers

BACKGROUND: Menopause connects a biological event with social representations related to aging AIM: To assess the meaning of menopause in a group of Chilean women attending primary health care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Secondary analysis of a descriptive qualitative study of in-depth interviews to explore the meaning of menopause in fifteen women aged 55 to 71 years who experienced menopause between 2 and 29 years before. Data were collected using the method proposed by the Grounded Theory. Guba's criteria of scientific rigor were used. RESULTS: Relational analysis shows that menopause divides the life cycle of women into two stages related with the possibility of having children, which is heavily influenced by the cultural significance of menopause. CONCLUSIONS: Women perceive that menopause is a natural stage and that it is the end of a period focused on tasks related to reproduction and motherhood. However, that "normality" includes a suffering process, loaded with negative cultural beliefs about menopause passed down for generations.

Cambios en las consultas traumatológicas de urgencias pediátricas durante la pandemia SARS-CoV-2 / Changes in pediatric emergency trauma consultations during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

In pediatrics urgency room, one of the main causes of consultation are traumatological problems, including those caused by school accidents and car accidents. We analyzed the change in these causes during SARS-CoV-2 pandemics at a regional hospital in Talca, Chile . We saw a clear droop in traumatological consultations due to sanitary restrictions. This clearly shows the impact that sanitary restrictions had on population behavior

Cambios epidemiológicos en urgencia infantil durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en Hospital Regional de Talca / Epidemiolocal changes in childrens emergency consultations during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at Hospital Regional de Talca

Infection by SARS-COV-2, was first described in November 2019 in Wuhan, China. First chilean cases where reported in March 2020.Our objective was to identify epidemiological changes in the pediatric population in the emergency service of the Hospital Regional de Talca (HRT). We carried out an observational and retrospective study. The reason and number of consultations in pediatric patients in the emergency room was analyzed during the periods defined as "Pre-pandemic" and "Pandemic". The target population was all consulting patients between 0-15 years of age. We separated the cases according to the reason of consultation. We obtained the data from the HRT statistics department. The number of consultations decreased by 67.6% per month, while the number of patients who consulted in pediatric emergencies for respiratory symptoms decreased by 75.4% per month. Within the pandemic period, 15,101 COVID PCR samples were performed in pediatric patients, with 13.7% positivity. This allows us to see the epidemiological impact that this new disease has had on pediatric patients in the Maule región

Características del Papanicolaou y de la atención recibida como factores para adherir (o no) al tamizaje. Estudio cualitativo en mujeres chilenas / Characteristics of the Pap smear and the care received as factors to adhere (or not) to the screening. Qualitative study in Chilean women

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la percepción de un grupo de mujeres chilenas acerca de la calidad de la atención y las características del Papanicolaou (PAP) como factores que influyen en la decisión de realizarse o no el examen. Método: Investigación cualitativa descriptiva con análisis de contenido. Cincuenta y siete mujeres chilenas de 4 consultorios distintos del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur Oriente participaron de este estudio. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante la metodología de grupo focal. Resultados: Las características del procedimiento, la asociación a síntomas y a cáncer, la periodicidad, la experiencia con cercanos con cáncer y la susceptibilidad son temas asociados al examen. En lo que respecta a la atención, el tipo de sistema de salud, la falta de dinero, el género del profesional, las experiencias negativas previas, la falta de información y el sistema de agendamiento de horas fueron los temas analizados. Conclusión: La adherencia al tamizaje de cáncer cérvicouterino es un fenómeno multifactorial y debe ser abordado como tal. Los profesionales de la salud juegan un papel importante en la promoción del tamizaje y deben abordar de manera proactiva las percepciones y el conocimiento de las mujeres sobre el mismo, sin olvidar que la calidad de la atención también influye de forma importante en la decisión de realizarse o no el PAP.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the perception of a group of Chilean women about the quality of care and the characteristics of the PAP test as factors that influence the decision to take or not the test. Method: Qualitative descriptive research with content analysis. Fifty-seven Chilean women from four public primary healthcare centers from the South East Metropolitan Health Service participated in this study. Data was obtained using the focus group methodology. Results: The characteristics of the procedure, the association with symptoms and cancer, the periodicity, the experience with close persons with cancer and the susceptibility are subjects associated with the exam. Regarding quality of care, the type of health system, the lack of money, the gender of the professional, the previous negative experiences, the lack of information and the appointment scheduling system were the topics analyzed. Conclusion: Adherence to cervical cancer screening is a multifactorial phenomenon and should be addressed as such. Healthcare professionals play an important role in the promotion of screening, and must proactively address women's perceptions and knowledge about it, without forgetting that the quality of care has also an important influence on the decision of taking or not the Pap test.

Adolescentes Libres de Tabaco: Efectividad de una intervención educativa. Estudio antes-después controlado / Smoke-Free Adolescents: Effectiveness of an educational intervention. Controlled, before and after study

El tabaquismo es considerado la principal causa de muerte prevenible en el mundo. La mayoría de los fumadores inician esta adicción durante edades tempranas, especialmente, durante la adolescencia. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los determinantes de consumo adolescente y evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa en la prevalencia del tabaquismo. Métodos. Estudio antes-después controlado, realizado durante los años 2010-2012 en dos colegios secundarios de la ciudad de La Plata. En ambos, se realizó una encuesta basal seguida de dos mediciones posteriores; en uno de ellos, se implementó una intervención educativa dirigida a jóvenes de 12 y 13 años. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión múltiple para identificar las variables asociadas al tabaquismo y evaluar el impacto de la intervención. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1911 encuestas (Colegio A: 617; Colegio B: 1294). Las variables asociadas al tabaquismo adolescente fueron la tenencia de un hermano fumador (odds ratio -OR- 2,55), madre fumadora (OR 2,32), años de edad (OR 1,92) y el sexo femenino (OR 1,75). El OR ajustado por dichos determinantes para ser fumador actual en el colegio intervención versus el control fue 0,54 (intervalo de confianza -IC- del 95%: 0,35-0,83) en el primer año de seguimiento y 0,98 (IC 95%: 0,60-1,61) en el segundo año. Conclusiones. La tenencia de una madre o un hermano fumador, la edad y el sexo femenino se correlacionaron fuertemente con el consumo de cigarrillos. La intervención educativa tuvo un efecto positivo en el primer año de seguimiento, pero luego no se mantuvo.

Smoking is considered the main cause of preventable death worldwide. Most smokers start using tobacco at an early age, especially during adolescence. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of adolescent use of tobacco and assess the impact of an educational intervention on the prevalence of smoking. Methods. Controlled, before and after study conducted between 2010 and 2012 at two secondary schools in the city of La Plata. A baseline survey was administered at both schools followed by two subsequent measurements; an educational intervention aimed at youth aged 12 and 13 years was implemented in one of the schools. Multiple regression models were used to identify the outcome measures associated with smoking and assess the impact of the intervention. Results. A total of 1911 surveys were included (school A: 617; school B: 1294). The outcome measures associated with adolescent smoking were having a sibling who smokes (odds ratio -amp;#91;OR-amp;#93;: 2.55), a mother who smokes (OR: 2.32), age (OR: 1.92), and female sex (OR: 1.75). The OR adjusted for these determinants to be a current smoker at the intervention school versus the control school was 0.54 (95% confidence interval -amp;#91;CI-amp;#93;: 0.35-0.83) in the first year of follow-up and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.60-1.61) in the second year. Conclusions. Having a mother or a sibling who smokes, age, and female sex were strongly correlated to cigarette smoking. The educational intervention had a positive effect in the first year of follow-up, which was not maintained over time.

Creencias sobre el cancer cervicouterino y papanicolaou y su relación con la adherencia al tamizaje / Beliefs about cervical cancer and Pap smear and their relationship with adherence to screening

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Actualmente, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer cérvicouterino (CC) en Latinoamérica y el Caribe son mayores comparadas con otros países, a pesar de ser altamente prevenible. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la relación entre la adherencia al tamizaje de cáncer cérvicouterino y las creencias sobre el CC y el Papanicolaou (PAP) en mujeres chilenas. MÉTODOS: Estudio realizado en una muestra probabilística de 969 mujeres entre 25 y 64 años de edad, beneficiarias del sistema de salud público y pertenecientes a la comuna de Puente Alto en Santiago, Chile. El reclutamiento y recolección de datos fue entre Marzo 2014 y Octubre 2015. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, adherencia al PAP y creencias en relación al PAP y CC. RESULTADOS: La mayor adherencia al tamizaje de CC tiene relación significativa con el sentimiento de bienestar al estar cuidando la salud, la percepción de menor cantidad de barreras para tomarse el PAP particularmente en mujeres que adhieren en el sistema privado, el conocimiento de la radio o quimioterapia como tratamiento para el CC, la percepción del riesgo personal de desarrollar la enfermedad, saber que los síntomas no son un requisito para el PAP, y la motivación dada por profesionales de salud o la madre. CONCLUSIONES: La adherencia al PAP es multifactorial y las creencias de las mujeres deben ser consideradas para el éxito de un programa de tamizaje eficaz.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Currently, cervical cancer's mortality rates in Latin America and the Caribbean are higher compared to other countries, despite being highly preventable. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between beliefs on CC and PAP test and adherence to screening in Chilean women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study was carried out in a probabilistic sample of 969 women aged between 25 and 64 years old, belonging to public health care system and enrolled in any of the four selected primary healthcare centers in Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile. Data collection was carried out between March 2014 and October 2015. Socio-demographic variables, adherence to screening and beliefs regarding CC and PAP test were measured. RESULTS: Greater adherence to CC screening has a significant relationship with the feeling of well-being while taking care of one's health, the perception of fewer barriers to the test particularly in women who adhere in the private health care system, knowledge of radio or chemotherapy as a treatment for CC, the perception of the personal risk of developing the disease, knowing that symptoms are not a requirement for the test, and the motivation given by health care professionals or the mother. CONCLUSION: Adherence to screening is multifactorial and women's' beliefs should be considered for the success of an effective screening program.

Menopausia, el inicio del envejecimiento de las mujeres chilenas. Un estudio cualitativo / Menopausa, o inicio do envelhecimento das mulheres chilenas. Um estudo qualitativo / Menopause, the beginning of aging for Chilean women. A qualitative study

Objective. To develop the meaning of menopause of a group of post-menopausal women and their relationship with aging. Methods. Qualitative descriptive study on 15 Chilean women that completed a taped face-to-face in depth interview that were interpreted according to Krippendorff. Results. A qualitative content analysis revealed the presence of two themes: (a) Cessation of women´s reproductive stage and (b) a life transition to aging. Conclusion. Women perceived their menopause as the beginning of aging focusing on the end of fertility and the social connotation that this new role implies. Feeling old 10 years before the customary beginning of old age is an important starting point to be incorporated in women's health education.

Objetivo. Desarrollar el significado de manopausia de un grupo de mujeres posmenopáusicas y su relación con el envejecimiento. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo de las grabaciones de 15 mujeres chilenas que completaron una entrevista a profundidad, cara a cara. Los relatos se interpretaron de acuerdo con Krippendorff. Resultados. Un análisis de contenido cualitativo reveló la presencia de dos temas: (a) Cesación de la etapa reproductiva de las mujeres y (b) transición de la vida adulta al envejecimiento. Conclusión. Las mujeres percibieron la menopausia como el principio del envejecimiento que se centraba en el fin de la fertilidad y la connotación social que implicaba este nuevo papel. Sentirse viejo 10 años antes del comienzo habitual de la vejez es un punto de partida importante para ser incorporado en la educación para la salud de la mujer.

Objetivo. Desenvolver o significado de menopausa de um grupo de mulheres pós-menopáusicas e sua relação com o envelhecimento. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo descritivo das gravações de 15 mulheres chilenas que completaram uma entrevista a profundidade, cara a cara; os relatos se interpretaram de acordo com Krippendorff. Resultados. Uma análise de conteúdo qualitativo revelou a presença de dois assuntos: (a) Cessação da etapa reprodutiva das mulheres e (b) transição da vida ao envelhecimento. Conclusão. As mulheres perceberam sua menopausa como o princípio do envelhecimento que se centrava no fim da fertilidade e a conotação social que implicava este novo papel. Sentir-se velho 10 anos antes do começo habitual da velhice é um ponto de partida importante para ser incorporado na educação para a saúde da mulher.

Desarrollo sustentable desde el enfoque de autocuidado: Un aporte a la práctica de enfermería / Sustainable development from a self-care approach: A contribution to a nursing practice

La relación entre salud y ambiente no es una temática reciente, ya en el año 1974 la Agencia de Salud Pública de Canadá establece en su informe Lalonde los factores claves que parecían determinar el estado de salud de los individuos, identificando así el estilo de vida, el ambiente, la biología humana y los servicios de salud. En el año 2012, se realiza la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el desarrollo sostenible, que en su documento final "El futuro que queremos" señala "la salud es una condición previa, un resultado y un indicador de las tres dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible", es decir, las dimensiones social, ambiental y económica. El impacto que tienen los cambios en el ecosistema sobre la salud de la población está en directa relación en cómo el ser humano se relaciona con su entorno y utiliza los recursos disponibles brindándoles la oportunidad de renovarse a través de ciclos naturales. Es así como desde el paradigma de sustentabilidad se propone observar, comprender e intervenir en nuestro entorno teniendo presente que todos los sistemas, tanto naturales como los creados por el hombre, interactúan e influyen entre sí. A través de dos de los requisitos de Autocuidado de la salud como son normalidad y peligros para la vida, planteados por Dorothea Orem se analizará cómo los cambios en nuestro ecosistema pueden repercutir en el continuo salud-enfermedad de las personas.

The relationship between health and environment is not recent-In 1974 the Public Health Agency of Canada established in its Lalonde report, the key factors that seemed to determine the health condition of individuals, thus identifying the lifestyle, the environment, human biology and health services.In 2012, the UN Conference on Sustainable Development takes place and in its final document "The future we want" says: "health is a precondition, an outcome and an indicator of the three dimensions of sustainable development" -that is -the social, environmental and economic dimensions. The impact of changes in the ecosystem about the health of the population is directly related to how human beings interact with their environment and use available resources giving them the opportunity to renew it through natural cycles. Thereby, since the sustainability paradigm is proposed to observe, understand and intervene in our environment bearing in mind that all systems, both natural and manmade, interact and influence each other. Through two of the requirements of self-care such as normality and hazards to life, raised by Dorothea Orem will analyze how changes in our ecosystem can affect the health-disease continuum of individuals.

El desafío de la sostenibilidad de los programas ampliados de inmunizaciones / The challenge of sustainability of expanded programs on immunization / O desafio da sustentabilidade do Programa ampliado de imunização

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la sostenibilidad y la integración de los programas prioritarios en el marco de la Estrategia para el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud (Salud Universal) de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud de 2014. Métodos Se llevó a cabo una revisión no sistemática de la bibliografía reciente enfocada al análisis de la integración y la sostenibilidad. Resultados El principal resultado que se extrae de la bibliografía revisada es la necesidad de abordar la sostenibilidad de tal modo que se superen los límites de cualquier análisis restringido a la sostenibilidad financiera. Aunque la integración y la sostenibilidad no se interpretan de forma homogénea, sobresale un abordaje que contempla la integración como un factor facilitador del proceso de sostenibilidad del PAI. Conclusiones La efectividad de las estrategias de integración del PAI depende en buena medida de que se consideren la presencia, el fortalecimiento y la transformación de las estructuras organizativas e institucionales que faciliten la participación de los actores con capacidad técnica y política para garantizar sus procesos de implementación. De esta forma, se podrán ponderar los procesos políticos que legitiman una agenda de inclusión del PAI en la Estrategia de salud universal y, por tanto, como parte integrante del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze the sustainability and integration of priority programs in the framework of the Pan American Health Organization's 2014 Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage (Universal Health). Methods A non-systematic review was carried out of the recent literature focused on analysis of integration and sustainability. Results The main result extracted from the literature review is the need to address sustainability in a way that goes beyond the limits of any analysis restricted to financial sustainability. Although integration and sustainability are not interpreted uniformly, an approach that includes integration as a facilitating factor of the EPI sustainability process does stand out. Conclusions Effectiveness of EPI integration strategies depends to a large extent on considering the presence, strengthening, and transformation of organizational and institutional structures that facilitate the participation of actors with the technical and political ability to ensure its implementation processes. Thus, political processes can be weighed that legitimize an agenda to include EPI in the Universal Health strategy and, accordingly, as an integral part of health systems strengthening.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a sustentabilidade e a integração do Programa ampliado de imunização (PAI) como parte da estratégia de acesso universal à saúde e cobertura universal de saúde da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) de 2014. Métodos Uma revisão não sistemática da literatura científica recente foi realizada dando enfoque à análise da integração e sustentabilidade do PAI. Resultados O principal achado é a necessidade de contemplar a sustentabilidade além da análise de sustentabilidade financeira. Embora a integração e a sustentabilidade não sejam interpretadas de forma homogênea na literatura, são destacadas as virtudes de uma abordagem que conceba a integração como um fator facilitador do processo de sustentabilidade do PAI. Conclusões A efetividade das estratégias de integração do PAI depende em grande parte da existência, fortalecimento e transformação das estruturas organizacionais e institucionais facilitando a participação dos interessados com capacidade técnica e política para garantir os processos de implementação. Desse modo, será possível examinar com atenção os processos políticos que legitimam a agenda de inclusão do PAI na estratégia de saúde universal e, portanto, como parte integrante do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde.

Población objetivo del tamizaje de cáncer cervicouterino en el sistema público de atención chileno y su relación con la cobertura de PAP: Implicancias en políticas de salud y asignación de recursos públicos / Factors affecting compliance with pap smear screening

Background: Pap smear coverage in Chile has gradually decreased in the last years, from 67% to 59%, making it necessary to determine the causes of this decline. Aim: To analyze the relationship between the characteristics of the cervical cancer screening target population in the public health care system and the percentage of PAP coverage. Material and Methods: This study was carried out in women aged between 25 and 64 years, belonging to a public health care system and registered in any of the eight primary healthcare centers of a Metropolitan Santiago low income community. The analysis considered information from the recruitment database (n = 6,058) and interviewed women database (n = 1,042). Results: In 52% of cases there were difficulties in recruiting women, mainly due to wrong addresses. Among contacted women, 4.1% had a hysterectomy or had cervical cancer and 1.4% were dead. When analyzing the variable “adherence to cervical cancer screening” in the interviewed women, 76.8% reported to comply with the ministerial guidelines. From that group, 20.5% reported to attend screening at the private health care system. Seventy seven percent of women who had timely screening visits, reported attending screening periodically every 3 years or less. Conclusions: Pap smear coverage must be analyzed considering the different factors that affect it. Among the latter, the exclusion of some women from the target population and performing the screening in private clinics stand out.

Dynamic prediction of the risk of recurrence in patients over 60 years of age with differentiated thyroid carcinoma

ABSTRACT Objective The reclassification of the risk according to the response to the initial treatment makes the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) vary in each individual. As the influence of age on this diagnostic strategy is unknown, we have decided to assess it in adults who are over 60 years of age. Subjects and methods Ninety patients with DTC above 60 years old were enrolled, with total thyroidectomy plus radioiodine ablation, negative anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, follow-up ≥ 2 years and with clinical and pathological information to classify the risk of recurrence according to ATA (American Thyroid Association) and reclassify based on the response to initial therapy according to MSKCC (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center). The structural persistence at the end of the follow-up was the gold standard of our analysis. Results The structural persistence in ATA low, intermediate and high risk categories was 0, 38, and 100%, respectively. In the intermediate group, none of those with an excellent response to the initial treatment showed structural persistence, whereas 39% of those with an incomplete/indeterminate response showed structural persistence (p < 0.01). Conclusions The re-stratification according to the response to the initial treatment in patients over 60 years of age with an ATA intermediate risk of recurrence allowed for the distinction of disease-free patients at the end of the follow-up from those with structural persistence and a worse clinical progression.

Barreras en la comunicación percibidas por un grupo de mujeres histerectomizadas: Un desafío para entregar una educación apropiada / Communication barriers perceived by a group of hysterectomized women: a challenge to deliver an appropriate education

ANTECEDENTES: La destreza comunicacional del profesional de la salud es reconocida como un aspecto crucial que facilita la educación a los pacientes. OBJETIVO: Describir las barreras que la mujer histerectomizada percibe en relación a la comunicación durante el proceso quirúrgico. MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo realizado en 15 mujeres histerectomizadas. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad las que fueron analizadas con análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres identifican diferentes barreras tanto de ellas como de los profesionales que dificultan la comunicación y por ende la educación que ellas reciben en relación al proceso quirúrgico. Las barreras de los profesionales son el lenguaje técnico, falta de tiempo, enojo, contradicciones en las indicaciones y lejanía. Las barreras en las mujeres son la timidez, la vergüenza, la falta de confianza, el miedo y la conformidad. CONCLUSIÓN: Los profesionales de salud deben enfocarse en desarrollar técnicas de comunicación que ayuden a los pacientes a disminuir las barreras y por ende mejorar los resultados en salud; deben entregar la información de forma clara y simple, verificando que lo comunicado ha sido entendido.

BACKGROUND: The communication skills of health care professional has been recognized as a crucial aspect that facilitates patient education. AIM: To describe the barriers that women perceive hysterectomy in relation to communication during the surgical procedure. METHOD: Qualitative study conducted in 15 hysterectomi-zed women. Deep interview and content analysis were used. RESULTS: Women identify different barriers from them and health care professionals, that difficult the communication and therefore the education that the women receive in relation to the surgical process. The professional's barriers are technical language, lack of time, anger, contradictions in the directions and distance. The barriers for women are shyness, shame, the lack of trust, fear and conformity. CONCLUSION: Health professionals should focus on developing communication techniques that help patients to reduce barriers and thus improve health outcomes; they must provide information in a clear and simple way, making sure that the statement has been understood.

La calidez en enfermería: formulación de constructo y variables relacionadas / The Warmth in Nursing: Construct Formulation and Related Variables / O calor humano em enfermagem: formulação do construto e variáveis relacionadas

La calidez es un fenómeno subjetivo fundamental en las relaciones personales. La calidez se contagia y, así, puede ser un factor favorecedor en el cuidado, mas no existe consenso en su definición ni dominios. Medir la calidez es significativo, pues es un predictor de satisfacción usuaria; sin embargo, no se encontraron modos de medirla, lo que motivó esta revisión. Objetivos: Identificar en la revisión teórica comportamientos que representen la calidez del enfermero y operar el constructo calidez en enfermería y variables relacionadas. Método: Revisión integrativa que abarcó la exploración y análisis de la evidencia sobre calidez, la cual corresponde a la primera etapa del proyecto de investigación titulado: Construcción y validación de una escala de medición de la calidez presente en los enfermeros, donde se pretende construir y validar una escala que permita medir este fenómeno. Se revisaron definiciones de calidez en diccionarios, textos y artículos de diversas bases de datos. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: calidez, calidez y enfermería, en español e inglés. Para definir el constructo y sus variables se complementó el modelo de tres fases de Luiz Pasquali con los procedimientos de Ethel Bauzer y Floyd Fowler. Resultados: Se formuló el constructo calidez en enfermería, se identificaron 2 dominios, 28 variables verbales, 9 no verbales y 93 comportamientos. Conclusiones: Los resultados de la fase teórica del modelo aplicado permitieron formular constructo, dominios y variables de calidez en enfermería. Estos aportes son de interés para la gestión del cuidado enfermero y enseñanza, pues se relacionan directamente con la satisfacción usuaria.

The warmth is a subjective phenomenon, fundamental in human relationships. The warmth is contagious, so may be a factor favoring care, but there is no consensus on its definition and domains. Since warmth is a predictor of user satisfaction, it is relevant to use an appropriate way to measure it; however, there have not been found ways to measure it, which motivated this revision. The three-stage procedure of Luiz Pasquali was used to do that, which considers Theoretical, Empirical and Analytical phases. This paper presents the results of the first theoretical phase: behaviors associated with warmth previously identified in the literature. Objectives: To identify behaviors that represent the warmth of the Nurse by reviewing specialized literature, and to operationalize the construct warmth and related variables. Method: Integrative literature review that included the exploration and analysis of the evidence on warmth, which corresponds to the first stage of the research project entitled: Construction and validation of a scale for measuring this warmth in Nursing, which aims to build and validate a scale to measure this phenomenon. This work corresponds to the Theoretical Phase of Pascuali's model. Definition of warmth was revised by using dictionaries and technical articles from various repositories. The descriptors used were "warmth" and "warmth and nursing" in Spanish and English. To define the construct and its variables, the Ethel Bauzer's procedures and Floyd Fowler's method were also considered to supplement the Pascuali's model. Results: Formulation of the construct Warmth in Nursing which includes, 2 domains, 28 verbal variables, 9 nonverbal variables and 93 behaviors. Conclusions: The results of the theoretical phase of the applied model, allowed to formulate the construct domains and variables of Warmth in Nursing. These contributions are of interest for the management of nursing care and teaching, as are directly related to user satisfaction.

O calor humano é um fenômeno subjetivo fundamental nos relacionamentos. O calor humano é contagioso, por isso pode ser um fator relevante no cuidado, mas não há consenso sobre sua definição ou domínios. Medir o calor humano é relevante porque é um preditor de satisfação do usuário, no entanto, não encontraram maneiras de medir, o que motivou essa revisão. Foi usado o modelo de três fases do autor brasileiro Luiz Pasquali: teórica, empírica e analítica. Este trabalho mostra os resultados da primeira fase teórica: a literatura identifica comportamentos que são associados com o calor humano. Objetivos: Identificar numa fase de revisão teórica, os comportamentos que representam o calor humano do enfermeiro. Operacionalizar a definição do construto calor humano em enfermagem, bem como identificar as variáveis. Método: Revisão integrativa que abrange a exploração e análise das evidências em calidez (calor humano), o que corresponde à primeira fase do projeto de pesquisa intitulado: Construção e validação de uma escala para medir esse calor em Enfermagem, que tem como objetivo construir e validar uma escala para medir este fenómeno. Este trabalho corresponde ao resultado da fase teórico do modelo. Os descritores utilizados foram calidez, calidez dos enfermeiros e sua correspondente em inglês e espanhol. Para a definição de calor humano e construção de variáveis que a representam, o modelo de três fases de Luiz Pasquali, foi complementado por procedimentos de Ethel Bauzer e Floyd Fowler. Resultados: Foi formulado o construto Calor humano do Enfermeiro, dois domínios, 28 variáveis verbais e 9 não-verbais. 93 comportamentos totais identificados com a calidez dos enfermeiros. Conclusões: Os resultados da fase teórica do modelo aplicado permitiram formular os domínios construir e variáveis do calidez em enfermagem. Estas contribuições são de interesse para a gestão da assistência de enfermagem e ensino, como estão diretamente relacionados à satisfação do usuári

Relación entre la recesión ósea y atrición en cráneos secos contemporáneos / Relationship between bone recession and attrition in contemporary dry skulls

Objetivos: El objetivo de éste estudio és observar la posible influencia de las fuerzas oclusales según el grado de atrición de las piezas dentarias sobre la altura de la cresta alveolar. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron dientes de cráneos secos de la época actual y secomparó el desgaste oclusal ó atrición (A) con la pérdida de altura de la cresta alveolar (CA) ó recesión ósea (RO) y ambos registros se relacionaron estadísticamente. Resultados: De todos los dientes estudiados 2 tuvieron grado de atrición (GA) 0, 170 grado 1, 96 grado 2 y 15 grado 3. Registrando la recesión ósea (RO) las medidas extremas promedio estuvieron entre 2,80mm y 5,30mm; la mayor RO promedio se encontró en la parte media de las caras libres (pieza 23) y la menor en distal (pieza 11). Conclusión: No hay correlación entre la recesión ósea y el desgaste oclusal ó atrición.

Aim: The aim of these work is to know the relaciònship between the bonerecessiòn and the attritiòn.Materials and methods: We taken 228 teeth belonging to 25 dry skullsof actual edge and we compare the bone recession (BR) with the occlusalwaer or attrition (A) and both to be related with a statistical analyses.Results: Of all the teeth studied, 2 had attrition degree 0, 170 degree 1,96 degree 2 y 15 degree 3. Regarding the BR the measures differ between2,80 to 5,30mm. The BR major average was in the middle of the free aspect(tooth 23) and the minor in distal (tooth 11).Conclusion: There are not correlation between bone recession andocclusal wear or attrition.

Women with Cervical Cancer: Perceptions about the Papanicolaou Test / Las mujeres con cáncer de cuello uterino: percepciones acerca de la prueba de Papanicolaou / As mulheres com câncer de colo do útero

Objective: Examine perceptions about the Papanicolaou (Pap) test from the perspectives of Chilean women with cervical cancer. Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in Santiago, Chile. Participants: 127 Chilean women. Results: The principal reasons for not having had a PAP test were procrastination and barriers related to fear, embarrassment, discomfort, not caring, lack of time, and lack of knowledge. Conclusion: All the reasons given by the Chilean women who took part in the study must be considered by health care professionals who are in a position to advocate for education and cervical cancer screening for women, especially in countries where the disease is still prevalent. These results can serve as a guide for education programs and can be applied in intervention research.

Objetivo: examinar las percepciones acerca de la prueba de Papanicolaou (Pap) desde la perspectiva de las mujeres chilenas con cáncer cervical. Diseño: un estudio descriptivo, transversal realizado en Santiago, Chile. Participantes: ciento veintisiete mujeres chilenas. Resultados: Las principales razones para no haber hecho la prueba de PAP fueron dilación y obstáculos relacionados con el miedo, la vergüenza, la incomodidad, el hecho de no estar preocupada, la falta de tiempo y la falta de conocimiento. Conclusión: todas las razones dadas por las mujeres chilenas que participaron en el estudio deben ser considerados por los profesionales de la salud que están en una posición para abogar por la educación y la detección del cáncer cervical para las mujeres, especialmente en países donde la enfermedad sigue siendo prevalente. Los resultados pueden servir como una guía para los programas de educación y pueden ser aplicados en la investigación sobre la intervención.

Objetivo: examinar as percepções sobre o exame Papanicolaou do ponto de vista das mulheres chilenas com câncer cervical. Desenho: estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em Santiago (Chile), com 127 mulheres chilenas. Resultados: as principais razões para não terem feito o exame Papanicolaou foram dilação e obstáculos relacionados com o medo, a vergonha, o desconforto, o fato de não estar preocupada, a falta de tempo e a falta de conhecimento. Conclusão: todas as razões dadas pelas mulheres chilenas que participaram do estudo devem ser consideradas pelos profissionais da saúde que estão em condição de defender a educação e a detenção do câncer cervical, especialmente em países onde a doença continua sendo prevalente. Os resultados podem servir como um guia para os programas de educação e podem ser aplicados na pesquisa sobre a intervenção.

Ocurrencia natural de hongos entomopatógenos en suelos cultivados con yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) en Misiones, Argentina / Natural ocurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in soils cultivated with Paraguay tea (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) in Misiones, Argentina

Este trabajo tuvo por objetivo aislar, identificar y caracterizar morfológicamente hongos entomopatógenos presentes en suelos cultivados con yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.). Se realizó una prospección de hongos entomopatógenos nativos a partir de 40 muestras de suelos cultivados con yerba mate ubicados en la provincia de Misiones, República Argentina, desde mayo de 2008 hasta junio de 2010. Las muestras de suelo se obtuvieron en cercanías de plantas de yerba mate, se aplicó la técnica de dilución seriada en medios de cultivos selectivos. Después de obtenidos los cultivos puros, los hongos fueron caracterizados macroscópica y microscópicamente, y se los identificó mediante el uso de claves taxonómicas específicas. Se aislaron 29 cepas fúngicas pertenecientes a las especies Beauveria bassiana (n = 17), Metarhizium anisopliae (n = 2) y Purpureocillium lilacinum (n = 10)

This study aimed to morphologically isolate, identify and characterize entomopathogenic fungi present in soils cultivated with Paraguay tea (Ilex paraguariensis). A survey of native entomopathogenic fungi was conducted from 40 soil samples grown with Paraguay tea in the province of Misiones, Argentina, from May 2008 to June 2010. The soil dilution plate methodology on selective culture media was used to isolate microorganisms. Taxonomic identification was performed using macroscopic and microscopic characters and specific keys. Twenty nine strains, belonging to the species Beauveria bassiana (n = 17), Metarhizium anisopliae (n = 2) and Purpureocillium lilacinum (n = 10) were isolated and identified

Adherencia al tamizaje de cáncer cérvicouterino: una mirada desde el modelo de determinantes sociales de la salud / Adherence to cervical cancer screening: a look from the social determinants of health model

ANTECEDENTES: Los Determinantes Sociales (DS) consideran "características del contexto social que afectan la salud, así como también los mecanismos por los cuales las condiciones sociales se traducen en impactos en salud". Las intervenciones cuyo objetivo son reducir la enfermedad serán exitosas solamente cuando consideren adecuadamente los DS de salud. OBJETIVO: Analizar, en base a la literatura existente, el modelo de determinantes sociales de la OMS y su aplicación a la adherencia al tamizaje de cáncer cérvicouterino (CC). RESULTADOS: Son variados los estudios que establecen la relación entre los determinantes estructurales e intermediarios y la adherencia al tamizaje. Si bien hay estudios contradictorios, es relevante la asociación positiva entre determinantes estructurales y mayor adherencia: un mayor nivel educacional, la presencia de empleo y un mayor ingreso familiar determinan una mayor adherencia al tamizaje. Como determinantes estructurales, son varios los factores reportados, entre los que se encuentran las características del hogar, el tiempo de permanencia, las características del sistema de salud, su disponibilidad y contacto con profesionales de la salud, factores de riesgo para CC, conocimiento acerca de la enfermedad así como también las creencias, entre otras. CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesario considerar la prevención de CC desde una perspectiva mucho más amplia, con un enfoque que va mas allá de los fenómenos biomédicos que la falta de adherencia al tamizaje conlleva, sino como una problemática social que explica dicho comportamiento en salud. Se sugiere que las campañas de prevención de CC consideren el enfoque de DS.

BACKGROUND: Social Determinants consider "characteristics of the social context that affect health, as well as the mechanisms by which social conditions translate into health impacts". Interventions aimed at reducing diseases will be successful only when properly considered the social determinants of health. OBJECTIVE: Analyze, based on the existing literature, WHO's Social Determinants of health model and its application to cervical cancer (CC) screening adherence. RESULTS: There are many studies that establish the relationship between structural and intermediate determinants and adherence to screening. Even though there are contradictory studies, it is important the positive association between structural determinants and greater adherence: a higher education, employment and the presence of increased house holding come determine a greater adherence to screening. As structural determinants, several factors are reported, including house hold characteristics, residence time, characteristics of the health system, availability and contact with health professionals, risk factors for cervical cancer, knowledge and beliefs of the disease, among others. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to consider CC prevention from a much wider perspective, with an approach that goes beyond the biomedical phenomena that the lack of screening adherence entails, but as a social problem that explains this health behavior. It is suggested that CC prevention campaigns should consider the Social Determinants approach.

Calidad de vida en mujeres con cáncer cérvicouterino / Quality of life in women with cervical cancer

Antecedentes: Son diversos los motivos que pueden afectar la calidad de vida (CV) de la mujer con cáncer cérvicouterino (CC), enfrentan cambios en la esfera física y sexual, como también social y psicológica. Objetivo: Describir la CV de un grupo de mujeres con CC y relacionar sus diferentes dimensiones con el tipo de tratamiento y la etapa del cáncer. Método: Estudio analítico realizado en un grupo de 127 mujeres con CC del área Sur Oriente de Santiago. Para la medición de CV se utilizo el instrumento EORTC QLQ-C30. Resultados: Las mujeres con mayor edad presentaron peor calidad de vida respecto al dominio físico. El tratamiento que la mujer recibe se relaciona con el dominio físico. No existen diferencias en la calidad de vida según las etapas FIGO. En el análisis multivariado el tipo de tratamiento y su interacción con la edad predicen la dimensión física, del rol, funcionamiento emocional y algunos síntomas como insomnio y diarrea. Conclusión: Evaluaciones de CV durante el curso de la enfermedad son útiles para la proyección de los resultados en salud a mediano y largo plazo y debiera incorporarse en la evaluación de las pacientes con CC de forma rutinaria y estandarizada, con el objetivo de realizar intervenciones apropiadas según la evidencia reportada.

Background: Quality of life (QOL) in women with cervical cancer can be affected by different reasons, because those women face not only changes in the physical and sexual domains, but also in social and psychosocial. Aim: To describe the QOL of a group of women with cervical cancer (CC) and to relate its different dimensions to the treatment and stage of cancer. Method: Analytical study was conducted on a group of 127 women with CC. Results: The age of women negatively correlated with the physical dimension. The type of treatment correlated negatively the physical, role and social domain, and it correlated positively with the fatigue symptom. The FIGO stage does not correlate in the univariate analysis. The type of treatment, with or without age interaction, predicts the physical, role, emotional domain and some symptoms such as insomnia and diarrhea in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: QOL assessments during the course of CC disease are useful to projecting health outcomes to medium and long term and it should be incorporated as a routinely and standardized evaluation in order to make appropriate interventions.